Computational Thinking - The Developing Definition

<%"---"%> tags: 📥️/📜️/🟥️ publish: true aliases: - Computational Thinking: The Developing Definition - selbyComputationalThinkingDeveloping2013 url: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/356481/ doi: citekey: selbyComputationalThinkingDeveloping2013 keywords: ⛔ No DOI found authors: [Cynthia C Selby, C Selby, John Woollard, J Woollard] type: paper status: created: updated: <%"---"%> ```dataview TABLE created, updated as modified, tags, type, related FROM " " WHERE contains(related, "selbyComputationalThinkingDeveloping2013") ``` > [!link]- > zotero_link:: [PDF](zotero://select/library/items/QYPL2LYG) > [!cite]- > citekey:: selbyComputationalThinkingDeveloping2013 > [!abstract]- > abstract:: Since Jeanette Wing’s use of the term computational thinking in 2006, various discussions have arisen seeking a robust definition of the phrase. With little consensus having been found in the intervening years, there are even suggestions that a definition is not important. Perhaps focus should be on how computational thinking is taught and how its acquisition might be observed. However, in order to facilitate consistent curriculum design and appropriate assessment, it is argued that a definition should still be sought. > [!keywords]- > keywords:: ⛔ No DOI found > [!authors]- > authors:: Cynthia C Selby, C Selby, John Woollard, J Woollard > [!meta]- > url:: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/356481/ > doi:: > [!related]- > [!hypothesis]- > hypothesis:: > [!methodology]- > methodology:: > [!result]- Result(s) > results:: > [!summary]- Summary of Key Points > summary:: ## Notes | Highlight Color | Meaning | | ---------------------------------------------- | --------------------------- | | Red | información imprescindible | | Orange | Información Importante | | Yellow | Información Interesante | | Green | Temas y sub temas | | Blue | Citas relevantes del autor | | Purple | Temas nuevos por investigar | - "With little consensus having been found in the intervening years, there are even suggestions that a definition is not important. Perhaps focus should be on how computational thinking is taught and how its acquisition might be observed. However, in order to facilitate consistent curriculum design and appropriate assessment, it is argued that a definition should still be sought.” [Page ](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=&annotation=RKY8TD6V) Tag #CT-Currículo - "With little consensus having been found in the intervening years, there are even suggestions that a definition is not important. Perhaps focus should be on how computational thinking is taught and how its acquisition might be observed. However, in order to facilitate consistent curriculum design and appropriate assessment, it is argued that a definition should still be sought.” [Page ](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=&annotation=X3ATSU6W) Tag #CT-Currículo - "n order to contribute to the discussions surrounding a definition of computational thinking, this review of literature spans the years since 2006. The most frequently occurring terms, descriptions, and meanings are identified. Consideration is given to the motivation for inclusion or exclusion of a term by each individual author. Where possible, if a description has been given, an associated term is supplied.” [Page ](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=&annotation=KR22H9LJ) Tag #CT-Definición - "n order to contribute to the discussions surrounding a definition of computational thinking, this review of literature spans the years since 2006. The most frequently occurring terms, descriptions, and meanings are identified. Consideration is given to the motivation for inclusion or exclusion of a term by each individual author. Where possible, if a description has been given, an associated term is supplied.” [Page ](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=&annotation=Q4AAHPV6) Tag #CT-Definción - "Using the criteria as a guide and the collected terms as the vocabulary, a definition of computational thinking is proposed which encompasses the thought processes of abstraction, decomposition, algorithmic design, evaluation, and generalization.” [Page ](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=&annotation=SRHZIBS5) Tag #CT-Definción, #CT-Abstracción, #CT-Algoritmos, #CT-Descomposición, #CT-Evaluación, #CT-Generalización - "Using the criteria as a guide and the collected terms as the vocabulary, a definition of computational thinking is proposed which encompasses the thought processes of abstraction, decomposition, algorithmic design, evaluation, and generalization.” [Page ](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=&annotation=SK6KU2YU) Tag #CT-Definición, #CT-Abstracción, #CT-Algoritmos, #CT-Descomposición, #CT-Evaluación, #CT-Generalización - "what “computational thinking” is for everyone” [Page ](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=&annotation=E22RPHKB) Tag #CT-Frase-CT - "what “computational thinking” is for everyone” [Page ](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=&annotation=V68KNJXM) Tag #CT-Frase-CT - "The aim of this investigation is to shed new light on the discussions that attempt to develop a definition of computational thinking with the objectives including: to define more narrowly, not more broadly; to bring an order to the criteria not necessarily to accommodate all viewpoints; to refine the definition to facilitate assessment; to retain the validity of work that has been done previously, such as the development of curriculums; to separate a definition from those activities that might promote acquisition of computational thinking skills; and to separate a definition from those artifacts and activities that evidence the use of those skills.” [Page ](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=&annotation=IALAGDDQ) Tag - "The aim of this investigation is to shed new light on the discussions that attempt to develop a definition of computational thinking with the objectives including: to define more narrowly, not more broadly; to bring an order to the criteria not necessarily to accommodate all viewpoints; to refine the definition to facilitate assessment; to retain the validity of work that has been done previously, such as the development of curriculums; to separate a definition from those activities that might promote acquisition of computational thinking skills; and to separate a definition from those artifacts and activities that evidence the use of those skills.” [Page ](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=&annotation=L3KLLQD9) Tag - "ACM Digital Library” [Page ](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=&annotation=VRYWJTWN) Tag #CT-Editorial-CT - "ACM Digital Library” [Page ](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=&annotation=C33SDB6K) Tag #CT-Editorial-CT - "This led to the identification of thirteen items. In addition, articles describing proposed or current computer science curriculum designs (in Israel [8], Germany [3], New Zealand [2], India [14], England [5], and the USA [1]) were identified. This gave 7 more documents. Because of repetition of comments by the same author, 4 of the original 26 articles were discarded.” [Page ](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=&annotation=AH86ACN8) Tag #Autor, #CT-Currículo, #CT-Computational-Thinking - þÿØ=Esto llevó a la identificación de trece artículos. Además, se identificaron artículos que describen diseños curriculares de informática propuestos o actuales (en Israel [8], Alemania [3], Nueva Zelanda [2], India [14], Inglaterra [5] y Estados Unidos [1]). Esto dio 7 documentos más. Por repetición de comentarios del mismo autor, se descartaron 4 de los 26 artículos originales.Ø= - "This led to the identification of thirteen items. In addition, articles describing proposed or current computer science curriculum designs (in Israel [8], Germany [3], New Zealand [2], India [14], England [5], and the USA [1]) were identified. This gave 7 more documents. Because of repetition of comments by the same author, 4 of the original 26 articles were discarded.” [Page ](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=&annotation=EZ6TWXP4) Tag #Autor - 🔤Esto llevó a la identificación de trece artículos. Además, se identificaron artículos que describen diseños curriculares de informática propuestos o actuales (en Israel [8], Alemania [3], Nueva Zelanda [2], India [14], Inglaterra [5] y Estados Unidos [1]). Esto dio 7 documentos más. Por repetición de comentarios del mismo autor, se descartaron 4 de los 26 artículos originales.🔤 - "n an attempt to contribute to the development of a definition, the publications were analyzed in chronological order to discern the development, over time, of the phrase computational thinking. Descriptions and suggested definitions of computational thinking were identified in each publication. The terminology, common across descriptions and definitions, was collated. Where equivalences allowed, similar terms were grouped together. The most frequently occurring individual terms and groups are presented in the following sections. From this basic collection of terms, a definition of computational thinking is formulated and proposed.” [Page ](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=&annotation=BV8D64ZE) Tag #CT-Metodología-Definición-CT - "n an attempt to contribute to the development of a definition, the publications were analyzed in chronological order to discern the development, over time, of the phrase computational thinking. Descriptions and suggested definitions of computational thinking were identified in each publication. The terminology, common across descriptions and definitions, was collated. Where equivalences allowed, similar terms were grouped together. The most frequently occurring individual terms and groups are presented in the following sections. From this basic collection of terms, a definition of computational thinking is formulated and proposed.” [Page ](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=&annotation=VL55GY3A) Tag #CT-Metodología-Definición-CT - "This need for definition is supported in the literature [1, 10, 17, 16].” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=T4U33KQG) Tag #CT-Currículo, #CT-Definción - 🔤Esta necesidad de definición está respaldada por la literatura [1, 10, 17, 16].🔤 - "This need for definition is supported in the literature [1, 10, 17, 16].” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=GMCLLIQI) Tag #CT-Currículo, #CT-Definción - þÿØ=Esta necesidad de definición está respaldada por la literatura [1, 10, 17, 16].Ø= - "science curriculums. Several curriculums [5, 4, 2, 3], while acknowledging the vagueness of a computational thinking definition” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=7ABGQS3F) Tag - "science curriculums. Several curriculums [5, 4, 2, 3], while acknowledging the vagueness of a computational thinking definition” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=3VBRXMEE) Tag #CT-Currículo, #CT-Países, #CT-Transversalidad, #CT-Computational-Thinking - "Jan Cuny suggests that if computational thinking is included in a curriculum, it requires assessment. Without agreement on a common definition of computational thinking, it will be difficult, if not impossible, to develop appropriate assessment tools that actually measure the ability to think computationally [16].” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=HIS39J3I) Tag #CT-Definición, #CT-Evaluación - "Jan Cuny suggests that if computational thinking is included in a curriculum, it requires assessment. Without agreement on a common definition of computational thinking, it will be difficult, if not impossible, to develop appropriate assessment tools that actually measure the ability to think computationally [16].” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=976S4M5B) Tag #CT-Definición, #CT-Evaluación - "The balance of argument is still in favor of searching for a robust definition of computational thinking. Although it may be possible, without a robust definition, to identify examples of the practice of computational thinking, the ability to measure computational thinking may be hampered by that same lack.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=P5VH6EGG) Tag #CT-Evaluación - "The balance of argument is still in favor of searching for a robust definition of computational thinking. Although it may be possible, without a robust definition, to identify examples of the practice of computational thinking, the ability to measure computational thinking may be hampered by that same lack.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=GMQWR4BI) Tag #CT-Evaluación - "There appears to be a consensus that a definition of computational thinking should include the idea of a thought process, the concept of abstraction, and the concept of decomposition.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=RGU2DNEF) Tag #CT-Abstracción, #CT-Descomposición, #CT-Habilidades, #CT-Proceso-de-pensamiento, #CT-Computational-Thinking - "There appears to be a consensus that a definition of computational thinking should include the idea of a thought process, the concept of abstraction, and the concept of decomposition.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=QBU5KVLV) Tag #CT-Abstracción, #CT-Descomposición, #CT-Habilidades, #CT-Proceso-de-pensamiento, #CT-Computational-Thinking - "In adding his voice to Wing’s, calling for the explicit teaching of computational thinking, Guzdial [9] refers to computational thinking as a way of thinking about computing.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=JA3FTLXF) Tag #CT-Definición - "In adding his voice to Wing’s, calling for the explicit teaching of computational thinking, Guzdial [9] refers to computational thinking as a way of thinking about computing.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=TG689K8K) Tag #CT-Definición - "idea is extended to represent problems as information processes and solutions as algorithms [7].” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=75CZLX58) Tag #CT-Resolución-Problemas - "idea is extended to represent problems as information processes and solutions as algorithms [7].” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=PK7MCXSP) Tag #CT-Resolución-Problemas - "Al Aho [7] picks up the idea of problem transformation when he describes computational thinking as the thought processes in formulating problems and solutions that can be expressed as algorithms.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=X4GYSP82) Tag #CT-Algoritmos, #CT-Resolución-Problemas - "Al Aho [7] picks up the idea of problem transformation when he describes computational thinking as the thought processes in formulating problems and solutions that can be expressed as algorithms.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=5N8N8NRJ) Tag #CT-Algoritmos, #CT-Resolución-Problemas - "These thought processes do have focus; frequently that focus is described as problem solving. Finally, Wing expresses these refinements by defining computational thinking as “... the thought processes involved in formulating problems and their solutions so that the solutions are represented in a form that can be effectively carried out by an information-processing agent” (Cuny, Snyder, Wing, 2010, cited in [22], p.20). Because of this consensus, a definition of computational thinking should include the concept of a thought process.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=FLY9KKFA) Tag #CT-Definición, #CT-Proceso-de-pensamiento - "These thought processes do have focus; frequently that focus is described as problem solving. Finally, Wing expresses these refinements by defining computational thinking as “... the thought processes involved in formulating problems and their solutions so that the solutions are represented in a form that can be effectively carried out by an information-processing agent” (Cuny, Snyder, Wing, 2010, cited in [22], p.20). Because of this consensus, a definition of computational thinking should include the concept of a thought process.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=NG85933V) Tag #CT-Definición, #CT-Proceso-de-pensamiento - "3.2 Abstraction” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=NI934NTU) Tag - "3.2 Abstraction” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=BYSJ5B9J) Tag - "ven Peter Denning [18] acknowledges that abstraction plays an important part in computing, including programming.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=M97ZGGMZ) Tag #CT-Abstracción, #CT-Habilidades, #CT-Computational-Thinking - "ven Peter Denning [18] acknowledges that abstraction plays an important part in computing, including programming.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=8E7N6YHY) Tag #CT-Abstracción, #CT-Habilidades, #CT-Computational-Thinking - "Wing [21] defines abstraction as the cornerstone of computational thinking.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=ZUUNNAWP) Tag - "Wing [21] defines abstraction as the cornerstone of computational thinking.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=5ZIWMANF) Tag - "Several participants in the workshop on the scope and nature of computational thinking (NRC) concur that computational thinking has a focus around the process of abstraction, creating them and defining the relationships between them [16].” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=D9U3DM6P) Tag #CT-Abstracción, #CT-Habilidades, #CT-Computational-Thinking - "Several participants in the workshop on the scope and nature of computational thinking (NRC) concur that computational thinking has a focus around the process of abstraction, creating them and defining the relationships between them [16].” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=A9KHEGLN) Tag #CT-Abstracción, #CT-Habilidades, #CT-Computational-Thinking - "Stephenson [1] also include the ability to abstract in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=BZJJH3S4) Tag #CT-Abstracción, #CT-Habilidades - "Stephenson [1] also include the ability to abstract in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=EZTHYAPR) Tag #CT-Abstracción, #CT-Habilidades - "The concept of abstraction is explored by L’Heureux et al. [15] where it is one of six aspects of their information technology approach to computational thinking. Because of this consensus, a definition of computational thinking should include the concept of abstraction.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=7SVHQVCR) Tag #CT-Abstracción, #CT-Definición-Abstracción, #CT-Habilidades, #CT-Computational-Thinking - "The concept of abstraction is explored by L’Heureux et al. [15] where it is one of six aspects of their information technology approach to computational thinking. Because of this consensus, a definition of computational thinking should include the concept of abstraction.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=I2RTPW6U) Tag #CT-Abstracción, #CT-Definición-Abstracción, #CT-Habilidades, #CT-Computational-Thinking - "3.3 Decomposition” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=KYBW3CAU) Tag #CT-Descomposición - "3.3 Decomposition” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=5KBATYGN) Tag #CT-Descomposición - "Decomposition is required when dealing with large problems, complex systems, or complex tasks. The participants in the first NRC workshop also identify the need for problem decomposition [16]. In the next workshop, focusing on pedagogy, participants extend this idea. Robert Tinker views the core of computational thinking as breaking down big problems [17].” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=YLVC69R3) Tag #CT-Definición-Descomposición - "Decomposition is required when dealing with large problems, complex systems, or complex tasks. The participants in the first NRC workshop also identify the need for problem decomposition [16]. In the next workshop, focusing on pedagogy, participants extend this idea. Robert Tinker views the core of computational thinking as breaking down big problems [17].” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=47DZPBDX) Tag #CT-Definición-Descomposición - "Guzdial [11] includes the use of tools including abstraction and decomposition. In light of this consensus, a definition of computational thinking should include the concept of decomposition.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=VJXF5MY4) Tag #CT-Definición - "Guzdial [11] includes the use of tools including abstraction and decomposition. In light of this consensus, a definition of computational thinking should include the concept of decomposition.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=U7BMCJEL) Tag #CT-Definición - "nclusion of a thought process, abstraction, and decomposition is supported by a consensus found in the reviewed literature.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=NFB4HDQE) Tag #CT-Abstracción, #CT-Descomposición, #CT-Habilidades, #CT-Proceso-de-pensamiento, #CT-Computational-Thinking - "nclusion of a thought process, abstraction, and decomposition is supported by a consensus found in the reviewed literature.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=UKDHXHK7) Tag #CT-Abstracción, #CT-Descomposición, #CT-Habilidades, #CT-Proceso-de-pensamiento, #CT-Computational-Thinking - "Some of these additional terms and their applicability for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking are discussed below.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=ZKSZYMSD) Tag #CT-Definción, #CT-Habilidades-No-Definidas - "Some of these additional terms and their applicability for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking are discussed below.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=UH6K27KA) Tag #CT-Definción, #CT-Habilidades-No-Definidas - "There are two descriptions of thinking, three general terms associated with problem solving, three terms associated with computer science concepts, and three terms associated with the concept of imitation or representation. The specific terms are: logical thinking and algorithmic thinking; problem solving, analysis, and generalization; systems design, automation, and more general computer science concepts; and modeling, simulation, and visualization.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=U56J83X3) Tag #CT-Habilidades-CT - "There are two descriptions of thinking, three general terms associated with problem solving, three terms associated with computer science concepts, and three terms associated with the concept of imitation or representation. The specific terms are: logical thinking and algorithmic thinking; problem solving, analysis, and generalization; systems design, automation, and more general computer science concepts; and modeling, simulation, and visualization.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=QZHGAMSF) Tag #CT-Habilidades-CT - "4.1 Thinking Terms” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=W58TACNB) Tag - "4.1 Thinking Terms” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=36RPCNPT) Tag - "logical thinking, algorithmic thinking, engineering thinking, and mathematical thinking.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=NNF2D7QK) Tag #CT-Habilidades-CT - "logical thinking, algorithmic thinking, engineering thinking, and mathematical thinking.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=XGUEI8C6) Tag #CT-Habilidades-CT - "heuristic thinking” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=HKH9JL6Q) Tag #CT-Habilidades-CT - "heuristic thinking” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=7QV8LDJJ) Tag #CT-Habilidades-CT - "In addition to abstraction and decomposition, Guzdial [11] also includes heuristic reasoning as an appropriate tool to use when engaging in computational thinking.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=T67B2TPZ) Tag #CT-Habilidades-CT, #CT-Razonamiento-Heurístico - "In addition to abstraction and decomposition, Guzdial [11] also includes heuristic reasoning as an appropriate tool to use when engaging in computational thinking.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=JMAPW7BA) Tag #CT-Habilidades-CT, #CT-Razonamiento-Heurístico - "logical thinking as the ability to develop and test hypotheses.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=ADCFH5IG) Tag #CT-Habilidades-CT, #CT-Pensamiento-Lógico - "logical thinking as the ability to develop and test hypotheses.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=HSXI3C3W) Tag #CT-Habilidades-CT, #CT-Pensamiento-Lógico - "Computational thinking could be viewed as bringing science and engineering together” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=NPWB8V4A) Tag #CT-Definición - "Computational thinking could be viewed as bringing science and engineering together” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=4JDYHEH9) Tag #CT-Definición - "It could be viewed as a meta-science concerned with studying methods of thinking that are applicable to many different disciplines [16].” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=FEU2C7GU) Tag #CT-Multidisciplinaridad - "It could be viewed as a meta-science concerned with studying methods of thinking that are applicable to many different disciplines [16].” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=ME973EJA) Tag #CT-Multidisciplinaridad - "e algorithmic and parallel thinking [22]” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=MZBR2YZ2) Tag #CT-Algoritmos, #CT-Habilidades-CT, #CT-Pensamiento-Paralelo - "e algorithmic and parallel thinking [22]” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=S6FD5HGK) Tag #CT-Algoritmos, #CT-Habilidades-CT, #CT-Pensamiento-Paralelo - "Gerald Sussman [16], who defines computational thinking as a way of devising explicit instructions for accomplishing tasks.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=AFK9U4AA) Tag #CT-Definición - "Gerald Sussman [16], who defines computational thinking as a way of devising explicit instructions for accomplishing tasks.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=UBXUVF44) Tag #CT-Definición - "Inclusion of algorithmic thinking in a curriculum for high schools appears prior to Wing’s contribution. In the Israeli computer science curriculum, Gal-Ezer et al. [8] placed an emphasis on inclusion of the study of algorithmic processes.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=WUL7EULC) Tag #CT-Currículo - "Inclusion of algorithmic thinking in a curriculum for high schools appears prior to Wing’s contribution. In the Israeli computer science curriculum, Gal-Ezer et al. [8] placed an emphasis on inclusion of the study of algorithmic processes.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=ML768B8K) Tag #CT-Currículo - "There appears to be a consensus that computational thinking incorporates aspects of algorithmic thinking and algorithmic design” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=B2LNH9SQ) Tag #CT-Algortimos - "There appears to be a consensus that computational thinking incorporates aspects of algorithmic thinking and algorithmic design” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=KVKRMPEB) Tag #CT-Algortimos - "Because of its wide acceptance and appropriate definition, algorithmic thinking may be applicable for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=G5BCJUPD) Tag #CT-Algoritmos, #CT-Habilidades - "Because of its wide acceptance and appropriate definition, algorithmic thinking may be applicable for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=KAQTGD69) Tag #CT-Algoritmos, #CT-Habilidades - "On the other hand, algorithmic thinking is represented consistently in literature and its interpretation does not vary. Of all the potential terms associated with thinking, algorithmic thinking is the only possible term which may be suitable for inclusion in a definition for computational thinking.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=QBT2DHYR) Tag #CT-Algoritmos, #CT-Habilidades, #CT-Pensamiento-Lógico - "On the other hand, algorithmic thinking is represented consistently in literature and its interpretation does not vary. Of all the potential terms associated with thinking, algorithmic thinking is the only possible term which may be suitable for inclusion in a definition for computational thinking.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=6TPMFTF6) Tag #CT-Algoritmos, #CT-Habilidades, #CT-Pensamiento-Lógico - "4.2 Problem Solving Terms” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=YXCMUB6Z) Tag - "4.2 Problem Solving Terms” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=MYFQ2GRT) Tag - "The specific terms problem solving, analysis, and generalization are most frequently employed in discussions of general problemsolving skills.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=RJPQQY6Z) Tag #Análisis, #CT-Resolución-Problemas, #CT-Generalización - "The specific terms problem solving, analysis, and generalization are most frequently employed in discussions of general problemsolving skills.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=Z2D538YR) Tag #Análisis, #CT-Resolución-Problemas, #CT-Generalización - "There is agreement for describing computational thinking as a problem-solving activity.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=U5FQ2QAG) Tag #CT-Resolución-Problemas - "There is agreement for describing computational thinking as a problem-solving activity.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=GI72V4X5) Tag #CT-Resolución-Problemas - "However, the literature does not illuminate problem solving in detail. Wing [19, 21], of course, incorporates solving problems using computer science concepts in her definition of computational thinking. The broadness of the problem-solving skills employed in computational thinking, in opposition to specific technical skills, is pointed out by Larry Snyder [16]” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=3XUTS77N) Tag #CT-Resolución-Problemas - "However, the literature does not illuminate problem solving in detail. Wing [19, 21], of course, incorporates solving problems using computer science concepts in her definition of computational thinking. The broadness of the problem-solving skills employed in computational thinking, in opposition to specific technical skills, is pointed out by Larry Snyder [16]” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=XPVVKJD6) Tag #CT-Resolución-Problemas - ". Peter Henderson [17] concisely describes computational thinking as a type of generalized problem solving with constraints. Problem solving is emphasized by Marcia Linn [16] who includes in the qualities of a successful computational thinker, the ability to engage in sustained investigative processes to generate problem solutions.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=W8T3DUUN) Tag #CT-Resolución-Problemas, #CT-Habilidades - ". Peter Henderson [17] concisely describes computational thinking as a type of generalized problem solving with constraints. Problem solving is emphasized by Marcia Linn [16] who includes in the qualities of a successful computational thinker, the ability to engage in sustained investigative processes to generate problem solutions.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=G4IVP28V) Tag #CT-Resolución-Problemas, #CT-Habilidades - "Although there appears to be a consensus that computational thinking is a type of problem solving, the term may not be sufficiently specific to define it.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=V7TAWCFW) Tag #CT-Resolución-Problemas - "Although there appears to be a consensus that computational thinking is a type of problem solving, the term may not be sufficiently specific to define it.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=KMLWAAQP) Tag #CT-Resolución-Problemas - "Due to the broadness of the term, problem solving may not be suitable for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=BRSWTS62) Tag #CT-Criterios-No-inclusión - "Due to the broadness of the term, problem solving may not be suitable for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=XPC6IB6R) Tag #CT-Criterios-No-inclusión - "In their IT approach, L’Heureux et al. [15] include the ability to evaluate processes, in terms of efficiency and resource utilization, and the ability to recognize and evaluate outcomes.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=IBZP3Y27) Tag #CT-Evaluación - "In their IT approach, L’Heureux et al. [15] include the ability to evaluate processes, in terms of efficiency and resource utilization, and the ability to recognize and evaluate outcomes.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=VNA8JANL) Tag #CT-Evaluación - "Therefore, because of interpretative consensus in the description, the term evaluate may be suitable for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=MKXM3CB5) Tag #CT-Evaluación, #CT-Habilidades, #CT-Criterios-Inclusión - "Therefore, because of interpretative consensus in the description, the term evaluate may be suitable for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=76YMTV5M) Tag #CT-Evaluación, #CT-Habilidades, #CT-Criterios-Inclusión - "generalization. It is the ability to move from specific to broader applicability, for example, understanding how to draw a square by defining internal angles, then applying the same algorithm to produce an approximation of a circle.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=T4F3H9IR) Tag #CT-Definición-Generalización, #CT-Generalización - "generalization. It is the ability to move from specific to broader applicability, for example, understanding how to draw a square by defining internal angles, then applying the same algorithm to produce an approximation of a circle.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=JQJCLZGE) Tag #CT-Definición-Generalización, #CT-Generalización - "The term generalization, itself, is described in a proposed curriculum as recognizing common patterns and by sharing common features [5].” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=4T362GT2) Tag #CT-Definición-Generalización, #CT-Generalización - "The term generalization, itself, is described in a proposed curriculum as recognizing common patterns and by sharing common features [5].” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=WL5VR9L9) Tag #CT-Definición-Generalización, #CT-Generalización - "Generalization is the step of recognizing how small pieces may be reused and reapplied to similar or unique problems.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=MQBYP45Q) Tag #CT-Definición-Generalización, #CT-Generalización - "Generalization is the step of recognizing how small pieces may be reused and reapplied to similar or unique problems.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=WK9NAAG8) Tag #CT-Definición-Generalización, #CT-Generalización - "generalization, is used sparingly in the literature, the idea of recognizing and reusing common parts of a solution is a possibility for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=VPFACK47) Tag #CT-Definción, #CT-Generalización, #CT-Criterios-Inclusión - "generalization, is used sparingly in the literature, the idea of recognizing and reusing common parts of a solution is a possibility for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=CXJ8DV5R) Tag #CT-Definción, #CT-Generalización, #CT-Criterios-Inclusión - "Problem solving is a broad term which, although used consistently throughout the literature, is not well defined. Analysis, used in the context of a problem, is also a broad term, often incorporating the ideas of abstraction and decomposition, as discussed above. Analysis, used in the context of a solution, is analogous to evaluation and is used consistently in the literature” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=N7QWVUV2) Tag #CT-Habilidades, #CT-Habilidades-No-Definidas - "Problem solving is a broad term which, although used consistently throughout the literature, is not well defined. Analysis, used in the context of a problem, is also a broad term, often incorporating the ideas of abstraction and decomposition, as discussed above. Analysis, used in the context of a solution, is analogous to evaluation and is used consistently in the literature” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=DCUCYBM2) Tag #CT-Habilidades, #CT-Habilidades-No-Definidas - "Although the term generalization is used infrequently in the literature, there are descriptions of analogous processes.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=9DX7S8W8) Tag - "Although the term generalization is used infrequently in the literature, there are descriptions of analogous processes.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=G2EDA5IR) Tag - "may be suitable for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking are evaluation and generalization.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=CATUSDB9) Tag #CT-Definción, #CT-Evaluación, #CT-Generalización, #CT-Criterios-Inclusión - "may be suitable for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking are evaluation and generalization.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=954UWJHL) Tag #CT-Definción, #CT-Evaluación, #CT-Generalización, #CT-Criterios-Inclusión - "4.3 Computer Science Terms” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=6S6R7PE6) Tag - "4.3 Computer Science Terms” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=2DKMVL2E) Tag - "Systems design, although not mentioned frequently, is still used to describe computational thinking. Designing systems based on concepts used in computer science is mentioned by Wing [19]. Again, this inclusion is foreshadowed by Gal-Ezer et al. [8] who incorporates the study of the design and implementation of computing systems in their curriculum.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=VWE68JC4) Tag #CT-Definición, #CT-Criterios-No-inclusión, #CT-Diseño-de-Sistemas - "Systems design, although not mentioned frequently, is still used to describe computational thinking. Designing systems based on concepts used in computer science is mentioned by Wing [19]. Again, this inclusion is foreshadowed by Gal-Ezer et al. [8] who incorporates the study of the design and implementation of computing systems in their curriculum.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=92FAPB4G) Tag #CT-Definición, #CT-Criterios-No-inclusión, #CT-Diseño-de-Sistemas - "He goes further in describing systems as one of the four core practices, in which computing professionals engage, along with programming, modeling, and innovating [18]. The focus in each of these cases is systems design as a product oriented process. It is evidence of the ability to think computationally, not necessarily a definition of it. Therefore, the term systems design may not be suitable for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=FG9QUNIK) Tag #CT-Definición, #CT-Criterios-No-inclusión, #CT-Diseño-de-Sistemas - "He goes further in describing systems as one of the four core practices, in which computing professionals engage, along with programming, modeling, and innovating [18]. The focus in each of these cases is systems design as a product oriented process. It is evidence of the ability to think computationally, not necessarily a definition of it. Therefore, the term systems design may not be suitable for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=EU45HU8K) Tag #CT-Definición, #CT-Criterios-No-inclusión, #CT-Diseño-de-Sistemas - "Another term, popularized by Wing in defining computational thinking, is automation. She connects the term to that of abstraction when discussing the mechanization of abstraction layers and the relationships between them [20]. Even Denning acknowledges that this is what happens when programming [18]. Later, a stronger connection is made by Wing [21] when defining computing as the “automation of our abstractions” (p. 3718). This introduces the need for a computational device to interpret the abstractions, the need for a computer to execute a program. The process or processes required in the creation of these automations may be possible terms for defining computational thinking. On the other hand, a program artifact, similar to system design as discussed above, is only evidence that computational thinking has taken place. Previously, a consensus was presented that emphasized the thought process aspect of computational thinking.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=SGAURBPM) Tag #CT-Definición, #CT-Automatizacion, #CT-Criterios-No-inclusión - "Another term, popularized by Wing in defining computational thinking, is automation. She connects the term to that of abstraction when discussing the mechanization of abstraction layers and the relationships between them [20]. Even Denning acknowledges that this is what happens when programming [18]. Later, a stronger connection is made by Wing [21] when defining computing as the “automation of our abstractions” (p. 3718). This introduces the need for a computational device to interpret the abstractions, the need for a computer to execute a program. The process or processes required in the creation of these automations may be possible terms for defining computational thinking. On the other hand, a program artifact, similar to system design as discussed above, is only evidence that computational thinking has taken place. Previously, a consensus was presented that emphasized the thought process aspect of computational thinking.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=ETM9TC3B) Tag #CT-Definición, #CT-Automatizacion, #CT-Criterios-No-inclusión - "Based on that consensus, automation, interpreted as a program artifact, may not be a useful addition to the definition of computational thinking.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=XW5D9PP8) Tag #CT-Definición, #CT-Automatizacion, #CT-Criterios-No-inclusion - "Based on that consensus, automation, interpreted as a program artifact, may not be a useful addition to the definition of computational thinking.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=55NTIRJS) Tag #CT-Definición, #CT-Automatizacion, #CT-Criterios-No-inclusion - "Systems design, resulting in a product, is evidence of the use of computational thinking skills, not a definition of it. Again, automation, as a product or program, evidences the use of computational thinking skills. Finally, those terms that are interpretable as computer science content do not bring focus to the definition of computational thinking. Therefore, none of the suggested terms discussed in this section appears suitable to be included in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=P67P7V2T) Tag #CT-Definición, #CT-Automatizacion, #CT-Criterios-No-inclusión, #CT-Recursividad, #CT-Diseño-de-Sistemas, #CT-Redundancia - "Systems design, resulting in a product, is evidence of the use of computational thinking skills, not a definition of it. Again, automation, as a product or program, evidences the use of computational thinking skills. Finally, those terms that are interpretable as computer science content do not bring focus to the definition of computational thinking. Therefore, none of the suggested terms discussed in this section appears suitable to be included in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=6JEJ45I2) Tag #CT-Definición, #CT-Automatizacion, #CT-Criterios-No-inclusión, #CT-Recursividad, #CT-Diseño-de-Sistemas, #CT-Redundancia - "4.4 Imitation Terms” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=LM58CA9Z) Tag - "4.4 Imitation Terms” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=QTIN5675) Tag - "lso used in discussions of computational thinking, are modeling, simulation, and visualization. These terms appear frequently in the cited literature” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=DDL9CH2X) Tag - "lso used in discussions of computational thinking, are modeling, simulation, and visualization. These terms appear frequently in the cited literature” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=9T5MU9U6) Tag - "manipulation of abstractions (models, simulations, and visualizations)” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=HCGIJC9H) Tag - "manipulation of abstractions (models, simulations, and visualizations)” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=5WBLUC5P) Tag - "The manipulation of these representations are agreed to enhance the development of computational thinking skills, but do not necessarily define it. Although these tools are effective aids in developing computational thinking skills, they may not be suitable for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=L9EBQRBJ) Tag #CT-Definición, #CT-Criterios-No-inclusión, #CT-Simulación, #CT-Modelado, #CT-Visualización - Si bien el modelado,la simulación y visualización unido a un contexto de datos apoya a desarrollar el CT no lo definen. - "The manipulation of these representations are agreed to enhance the development of computational thinking skills, but do not necessarily define it. Although these tools are effective aids in developing computational thinking skills, they may not be suitable for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=8T2H8G3W) Tag #CT-Definición, #CT-Criterios-No-inclusión, #CT-Simulación, #CT-Modelado, #CT-Visualización - Si bien el modelado,la simulación y visualización unido a un contexto de datos apoya a desarrollar el CT no lo definen. - "5. PROPOSED DEFINITION” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=3SW6HVA2) Tag - "5. PROPOSED DEFINITION” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=WYUEBZTM) Tag - "separate a definition from those activities that might promote acquisition of computational thinking skills; and to separate a definition from those artifacts and activities that evidence the use of computational thinking skills.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=23MCTYDP) Tag - "separate a definition from those activities that might promote acquisition of computational thinking skills; and to separate a definition from those artifacts and activities that evidence the use of computational thinking skills.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=BHYT7JHE) Tag ![[Images/img-zotero/selbyComputationalThinkingDeveloping2013/selbyComputationalThinkingDeveloping2013-5-x317-y421.png]] ![[Images/img-zotero/selbyComputationalThinkingDeveloping2013/selbyComputationalThinkingDeveloping2013-5-x317-y421.png]] - "the ability to think in abstractions,  the ability to think in terms of decomposition,  the ability to think algorithmically,  the ability to think in terms of evaluations, and  the ability to think in generalizations.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=Q22P6QID) Tag - "the ability to think in abstractions,  the ability to think in terms of decomposition,  the ability to think algorithmically,  the ability to think in terms of evaluations, and  the ability to think in generalizations.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=HJFJK957) Tag - "This proposed definition attempts to incorporate only those terms for which there is a consensus in the literature or those terms that are well defined across disciplines. The intent is to focus on the thinking aspect of the original phrase.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=LKIZ5STT) Tag - "This proposed definition attempts to incorporate only those terms for which there is a consensus in the literature or those terms that are well defined across disciplines. The intent is to focus on the thinking aspect of the original phrase.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=C5MKKLRY) Tag - "computational thinking is a focused approach to problem solving, incorporating thought processes that utilize abstraction, decomposition, algorithmic design, evaluation, and generalizations.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=TQBVLZWM) Tag #CT-Definición, #CT-Abstracción, #CT-Algoritmos, #CT-Descomposición, #CT-Evaluación, #CT-Resolución-Problemas, #CT-Generalización - the ability to think in abstractions,  the ability to think in terms of decomposition,  the ability to think algorithmically,  the ability to think in terms of evaluations, and  the ability to think in generalizations. - "computational thinking is a focused approach to problem solving, incorporating thought processes that utilize abstraction, decomposition, algorithmic design, evaluation, and generalizations.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=VBNE6UKU) Tag #CT-Definición, #CT-Abstracción, #CT-Algoritmos, #CT-Descomposición, #CT-Evaluación, #CT-Resolución-Problemas, #CT-Generalización - the ability to think in abstractions,  the ability to think in terms of decomposition,  the ability to think algorithmically,  the ability to think in terms of evaluations, and  the ability to think in generalizations. - "The definition may ensure that appropriate assessment tools can be developed which measure computational thinking skills.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=RAYZH9BJ) Tag - "The definition may ensure that appropriate assessment tools can be developed which measure computational thinking skills.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=LJE4IKBL) Tag - "It separates the practice of skills and the results or evidence of the application of skills from the activity of thinking.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=HGUN3NCC) Tag - Son tres cosas difeentes: Definición. Prácticas Resultados - "It separates the practice of skills and the results or evidence of the application of skills from the activity of thinking.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=QYM3UWAT) Tag - Son tres cosas difeentes: Definición. Prácticas Resultados - "It leaves open the possibilities to develop assessment tools to measure the ability to think computationally.” [Page 6](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=6&annotation=9TYY2PXC) Tag #CT-Evaluación, #CT-Herramientas - "It leaves open the possibilities to develop assessment tools to measure the ability to think computationally.” [Page 6](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=6&annotation=AIWFLCN4) Tag #CT-Evaluación, #CT-Herramientas - "Of course, the discussions of a definition for computational thinking are not yet concluded. It may well be that the definition changes as understanding of computational thinking develops over the coming years. This is especially true as younger learners are exposed to the concepts in fulfillment of Wing’s original vision of computational thinking for all. This review of the literature simply attempts to inform these discussions.” [Page 6](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=6&annotation=R2H6UMZQ) Tag - "Of course, the discussions of a definition for computational thinking are not yet concluded. It may well be that the definition changes as understanding of computational thinking develops over the coming years. This is especially true as younger learners are exposed to the concepts in fulfillment of Wing’s original vision of computational thinking for all. This review of the literature simply attempts to inform these discussions.” [Page 6](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=6&annotation=HDJP63W7) Tag - "what “computational thinking” is for everyone” [Page 1](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=1&annotation=highlight-p1x317y573) Tag - "With little consensus having been found in the intervening years, there are even suggestions that a definition is not important. Perhaps focus should be on how computational thinking is taught and how its acquisition might be observed. However, in order to facilitate consistent curriculum design and appropriate assessment, it is argued that a definition should still be sought.” [Page 1](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=1&annotation=highlight-p1x54y507) Tag - "In order to contribute to the discussions surrounding a definition of computational thinking, this review of literature spans the years since 2006. The most frequently occurring terms, descriptions, and meanings are identified. Consideration is given to the motivation for inclusion or exclusion of a term by each individual author. Where possible, if a description has been given, an associated term is supplied.” [Page 1](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=1&annotation=highlight-p1x54y429) Tag - "Using the criteria as a guide and the collected terms as the vocabulary, a definition of computational thinking is proposed which encompasses the thought processes of abstraction, decomposition, algorithmic design, evaluation, and generalization.” [Page 1](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=1&annotation=highlight-p1x54y361) Tag - "The aim of this investigation is to shed new light on the discussions that attempt to develop a definition of computational thinking with the objectives including: to define more narrowly, not more broadly; to bring an order to the criteria not necessarily to accommodate all viewpoints; to refine the definition to facilitate assessment; to retain the validity of work that has been done previously, such as the development of curriculums; to separate a definition from those activities that might promote acquisition of computational thinking skills; and to separate a definition from those artifacts and activities that evidence the use of those skills.” [Page 1](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=1&annotation=highlight-p1x317y445) Tag - "ACM Digital Library” [Page 1](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=1&annotation=highlight-p1x317y333) Tag - "This led to the identification of thirteen items. In addition, articles describing proposed or current computer science curriculum designs (in Israel [8], Germany [3], New Zealand [2], India [14], England [5], and the USA [1]) were identified. This gave 7 more documents. Because of repetition of comments by the same author, 4 of the original 26 articles were discarded.” [Page 1](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=1&annotation=highlight-p1x317y251) Tag - =Esto llev a la identificacin de trece artculos. Adems, se identificaron artculos que describen diseos curriculares de informtica propuestos o actuales (en Israel [8], Alemania [3], Nueva Zelanda [2], India [14], Inglaterra [5] y Estados Unidos [1]). Esto dio 7 documentos ms. Por repeticin de comentarios del mismo autor, se descartaron 4 de los 26 artculos originales.= - "In an attempt to contribute to the development of a definition, the publications were analyzed in chronological order to discern the development, over time, of the phrase computational thinking. Descriptions and suggested definitions of computational thinking were identified in each publication. The terminology, common across descriptions and definitions, was collated. Where equivalences allowed, similar terms were grouped together. The most frequently occurring individual terms and groups are presented in the following sections. From this basic collection of terms, a definition of computational thinking is formulated and proposed.” [Page 1](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=1&annotation=highlight-p1x317y133) Tag - "This need for definition is supported in the literature [1, 10, 17, 16].” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x54y652) Tag - =Esta necesidad de definicin est respaldada por la literatura [1, 10, 17, 16].= - "science curriculums. Several curriculums [5, 4, 2, 3], while acknowledging the vagueness of a computational thinking definition,” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x54y488) Tag - "Jan Cuny suggests that if computational thinking is included in a curriculum, it requires assessment. Without agreement on a common definition of computational thinking, it will be difficult, if not impossible, to develop appropriate assessment tools that actually measure the ability to think computationally [16].” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x54y391) Tag - "The balance of argument is still in favor of searching for a robust definition of computational thinking. Although it may be possible, without a robust definition, to identify examples of the practice of computational thinking, the ability to measure computational thinking may be hampered by that same lack.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x54y284) Tag - "There appears to be a consensus that a definition of computational thinking should include the idea of a thought process, the concept of abstraction, and the concept of decomposition.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x54y212) Tag - "In adding his voice to Wing’s, calling for the explicit teaching of computational thinking, Guzdial [9] refers to computational thinking as a way of thinking about computing.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x54y111) Tag - "idea is extended to represent problems as information processes and solutions as algorithms [7].” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x317y717) Tag - "Al Aho [7] picks up the idea of problem transformation when he describes computational thinking as the thought processes in formulating problems and solutions that can be expressed as algorithms.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x317y686) Tag - "These thought processes do have focus; frequently that focus is described as problem solving. Finally, Wing expresses these refinements by defining computational thinking as “… the thought processes involved in formulating problems and their solutions so that the solutions are represented in a form that can be effectively carried out by an information-processing agent” (Cuny, Snyder, Wing, 2010, cited in [22], p.20). Because of this consensus, a definition of computational thinking should include the concept of a thought process.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x317y593) Tag - "3.2 Abstraction” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x317y575) Tag - "Even Peter Denning [18] acknowledges that abstraction plays an important part in computing, including programming.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x317y492) Tag - "Wing [21] defines abstraction as the cornerstone of computational thinking.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x317y461) Tag - "Several participants in the workshop on the scope and nature of computational thinking (NRC) concur that computational thinking has a focus around the process of abstraction, creating them and defining the relationships between them [16].” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x317y420) Tag - "Stephenson [1] also include the ability to abstract in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x317y368) Tag - "The concept of abstraction is explored by L’Heureux et al. [15] where it is one of six aspects of their information technology approach to computational thinking. Because of this consensus, a definition of computational thinking should include the concept of abstraction.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x317y327) Tag - "3.3 Decomposition” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x317y309) Tag - "Decomposition is required when dealing with large problems, complex systems, or complex tasks. The participants in the first NRC workshop also identify the need for problem decomposition [16]. In the next workshop, focusing on pedagogy, participants extend this idea. Robert Tinker views the core of computational thinking as breaking down big problems [17].” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x317y226) Tag - "Guzdial [11] includes the use of tools including abstraction and decomposition. In light of this consensus, a definition of computational thinking should include the concept of decomposition.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x317y154) Tag - "Inclusion of a thought process, abstraction, and decomposition is supported by a consensus found in the reviewed literature.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x317y108) Tag - "Some of these additional terms and their applicability for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking are discussed below.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=highlight-p3x54y707) Tag - "There are two descriptions of thinking, three general terms associated with problem solving, three terms associated with computer science concepts, and three terms associated with the concept of imitation or representation. The specific terms are: logical thinking and algorithmic thinking; problem solving, analysis, and generalization; systems design, automation, and more general computer science concepts; and modeling, simulation, and visualization.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=highlight-p3x54y518) Tag - "4.1 Thinking Terms” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=highlight-p3x54y454) Tag - "logical thinking, algorithmic thinking, engineering thinking, and mathematical thinking.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=highlight-p3x54y402) Tag - "heuristic thinking.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=highlight-p3x54y315) Tag - "In addition to abstraction and decomposition, Guzdial [11] also includes heuristic reasoning as an appropriate tool to use when engaging in computational thinking.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=highlight-p3x54y274) Tag - "logical thinking as the ability to develop and test hypotheses.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=highlight-p3x54y202) Tag - "Computational thinking could be viewed as bringing science and engineering together” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=highlight-p3x54y104) Tag - "It could be viewed as a meta-science concerned with studying methods of thinking that are applicable to many different disciplines [16].” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=highlight-p3x54y84) Tag - "de algorithmic and parallel thinking [22].” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=highlight-p3x383y630) Tag - "Gerald Sussman [16], who defines computational thinking as a way of devising explicit instructions for accomplishing tasks.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=highlight-p3x317y558) Tag - "Inclusion of algorithmic thinking in a curriculum for high schools appears prior to Wing’s contribution. In the Israeli computer science curriculum, Gal-Ezer et al. [8] placed an emphasis on inclusion of the study of algorithmic processes.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=highlight-p3x317y516) Tag - "There appears to be a consensus that computational thinking incorporates aspects of algorithmic thinking and algorithmic design” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=highlight-p3x317y496) Tag - "Because of its wide acceptance and appropriate definition, algorithmic thinking may be applicable for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=highlight-p3x317y444) Tag - "On the other hand, algorithmic thinking is represented consistently in literature and its interpretation does not vary. Of all the potential terms associated with thinking, algorithmic thinking is the only possible term which may be suitable for inclusion in a definition for computational thinking.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=highlight-p3x317y285) Tag - "4.2 Problem Solving Terms” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=highlight-p3x317y267) Tag - "The specific terms problem solving, analysis, and generalization are most frequently employed in discussions of general problemsolving skills.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=highlight-p3x317y215) Tag - "There is agreement for describing computational thinking as a problem-solving activity.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=highlight-p3x317y159) Tag - "However, the literature does not illuminate problem solving in detail. Wing [19, 21], of course, incorporates solving problems using computer science concepts in her definition of computational thinking. The broadness of the problem-solving skills employed in computational thinking, in opposition to specific technical skills, is pointed out by Larry Snyder [16].” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=3&annotation=highlight-p3x317y97) Tag - ". Peter Henderson [17] concisely describes computational thinking as a type of generalized problem solving with constraints. Problem solving is emphasized by Marcia Linn [16] who includes in the qualities of a successful computational thinker, the ability to engage in sustained investigative processes to generate problem solutions.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=highlight-p4x54y676) Tag - "Although there appears to be a consensus that computational thinking is a type of problem solving, the term may not be sufficiently specific to define it.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=highlight-p4x54y645) Tag - "Due to the broadness of the term, problem solving may not be suitable for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=highlight-p4x54y624) Tag - "In their IT approach, L’Heureux et al. [15] include the ability to evaluate processes, in terms of efficiency and resource utilization, and the ability to recognize and evaluate outcomes.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=highlight-p4x54y454) Tag - "Therefore, because of interpretative consensus in the description, the term evaluate may be suitable for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=highlight-p4x54y392) Tag - "generalization. It is the ability to move from specific to broader applicability, for example, understanding how to draw a square by defining internal angles, then applying the same algorithm to produce an approximation of a circle.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=highlight-p4x54y336) Tag - "The term generalization, itself, is described in a proposed curriculum as recognizing common patterns and by sharing common features [5].” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=highlight-p4x54y264) Tag - "Generalization is the step of recognizing how small pieces may be reused and reapplied to similar or unique problems.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=highlight-p4x54y233) Tag - "generalization, is used sparingly in the literature, the idea of recognizing and reusing common parts of a solution is a possibility for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=highlight-p4x54y202) Tag - "Problem solving is a broad term which, although used consistently throughout the literature, is not well defined. Analysis, used in the context of a problem, is also a broad term, often incorporating the ideas of abstraction and decomposition, as discussed above. Analysis, used in the context of a solution, is analogous to evaluation and is used consistently in the literature” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=underline-p4x54y115) Tag - "Although the term generalization is used infrequently in the literature, there are descriptions of analogous processes.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=highlight-p4x54y105) Tag - "may be suitable for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking are evaluation and generalization.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=highlight-p4x317y717) Tag - "4.3 Computer Science Terms” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=underline-p4x317y699) Tag - "Systems design, although not mentioned frequently, is still used to describe computational thinking. Designing systems based on concepts used in computer science is mentioned by Wing [19]. Again, this inclusion is foreshadowed by Gal-Ezer et al. [8] who incorporates the study of the design and implementation of computing systems in their curriculum.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=underline-p4x317y550) Tag - "He goes further in describing systems as one of the four core practices, in which computing professionals engage, along with programming, modeling, and innovating [18]. The focus in each of these cases is systems design as a product oriented process. It is evidence of the ability to think computationally, not necessarily a definition of it. Therefore, the term systems design may not be suitable for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=highlight-p4x317y457) Tag - "Another term, popularized by Wing in defining computational thinking, is automation. She connects the term to that of abstraction when discussing the mechanization of abstraction layers and the relationships between them [20]. Even Denning acknowledges that this is what happens when programming [18]. Later, a stronger connection is made by Wing [21] when defining computing as the “automation of our abstractions” (p. 3718). This introduces the need for a computational device to interpret the abstractions, the need for a computer to execute a program. The process or processes required in the creation of these automations may be possible terms for defining computational thinking. On the other hand, a program artifact, similar to system design as discussed above, is only evidence that computational thinking has taken place. Previously, a consensus was presented that emphasized the thought process aspect of computational thinking.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=highlight-p4x317y298) Tag - "Based on that consensus, automation, interpreted as a program artifact, may not be a useful addition to the definition of computational thinking.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=4&annotation=highlight-p4x317y277) Tag ![[Images/img-zotero/selbyComputationalThinkingDeveloping2013/selbyComputationalThinkingDeveloping2013-5-x316-y563.png]] - "Systems design, resulting in a product, is evidence of the use of computational thinking skills, not a definition of it. Again, automation, as a product or program, evidences the use of computational thinking skills. Finally, those terms that are interpretable as computer science content do not bring focus to the definition of computational thinking. Therefore, none of the suggested terms discussed in this section appears suitable to be included in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=highlight-p5x54y624) Tag - "4.4 Imitation Terms” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=highlight-p5x54y606) Tag - "lso used in discussions of computational thinking, are modeling, simulation, and visualization. These terms appear frequently in the cited literature” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=highlight-p5x54y575) Tag - "manipulation of abstractions (models, simulations, and visualizations)” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=highlight-p5x54y457) Tag - "The manipulation of these representations are agreed to enhance the development of computational thinking skills, but do not necessarily define it. Although these tools are effective aids in developing computational thinking skills, they may not be suitable for inclusion in a definition of computational thinking.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=highlight-p5x54y364) Tag - Si bien el modelado,la simulacin y visualizacin unido a un contexto de datos apoya a desarrollar el CT no lo definen. - "5. PROPOSED DEFINITION” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=highlight-p5x54y299) Tag - "separate a definition from those activities that might promote acquisition of computational thinking skills; and to separate a definition from those artifacts and activities that evidence the use of computational thinking skills.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=highlight-p5x54y185) Tag - "the ability to think in abstractions,  the ability to think in terms of decomposition,  the ability to think algorithmically,  the ability to think in terms of evaluations, and  the ability to think in generalizations.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=highlight-p5x335y320) Tag - "This proposed definition attempts to incorporate only those terms for which there is a consensus in the literature or those terms that are well defined across disciplines. The intent is to focus on the thinking aspect of the original phrase.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=highlight-p5x317y275) Tag - "computational thinking is a focused approach to problem solving, incorporating thought processes that utilize abstraction, decomposition, algorithmic design, evaluation, and generalizations.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=highlight-p5x317y229) Tag - the ability to think in abstractions, the ability to think in terms of decomposition, the ability to think algorithmically, the ability to think in terms of evaluations, and the ability to think in generalizations. - "The definition may ensure that appropriate assessment tools can be developed which measure computational thinking skills.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=highlight-p5x317y116) Tag - "It separates the practice of skills and the results or evidence of the application of skills from the activity of thinking.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=5&annotation=highlight-p5x317y85) Tag - Son tres cosas difeentes:Definicin.PrcticasResultados - "It leaves open the possibilities to develop assessment tools to measure the ability to think computationally.” [Page 6](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=6&annotation=highlight-p6x54y717) Tag - "Of course, the discussions of a definition for computational thinking are not yet concluded. It may well be that the definition changes as understanding of computational thinking develops over the coming years. This is especially true as younger learners are exposed to the concepts in fulfillment of Wing’s original vision of computational thinking for all. This review of the literature simply attempts to inform these discussions.” [Page 6](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/QYPL2LYG?page=6&annotation=highlight-p6x54y645) Tag > [!context]- > ==(How this article relates to other work in the field; how it ties in with key issues and findings by others, including yourself)== > context:: > [!significance]- > ==(to the field; in relation to your own work)== > significance::