Computational thinking and thinking about computing

<%"---"%> tags: 📥️/📜️/🟥️ publish: true aliases: - Computational thinking and thinking about computing - wing2008a url: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2008.0118 doi: citekey: wing2008a keywords: computable, computing, intelligence, CT-Abstracción, CT-Automatización, CT-Computational Thinking authors: [Jeannette M Wing] type: paper status: created: updated: <%"---"%> ```dataview TABLE created, updated as modified, tags, type, related FROM " " WHERE contains(related, "wing2008a") ``` > [!link]- > zotero_link:: [PDF](zotero://select/library/items/X7MDVW4R) > [!cite]- > citekey:: wing2008a > [!abstract]- > abstract:: Computational thinking will influence everyone in every field of endeavour. This vision poses a new educational challenge for our society, especially for our children. In thinking about computing, we need to be attuned to the three drivers of our field: science, technology and society. Accelerating technological advances and monumental societal demands force us to revisit the most basic scientific questions of computing. > [!keywords]- > keywords:: computable, computing, intelligence, CT-Abstracción, CT-Automatización, CT-Computational Thinking > [!authors]- > authors:: Jeannette M Wing > [!meta]- > url:: https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2008.0118 > doi:: > [!related]- > [!hypothesis]- > hypothesis:: > [!methodology]- > methodology:: > [!result]- Result(s) > results:: > [!summary]- Summary of Key Points > summary:: ## Notes | Highlight Color | Meaning | | ---------------------------------------------- | --------------------------- | | Red | información imprescindible | | Orange | Información Importante | | Yellow | Información Interesante | | Green | Temas y sub temas | | Blue | Citas relevantes del autor | | Purple | Temas nuevos por investigar | - "Computational thinking is taking an approach to solving problems, designing systems and understanding human behaviour that draws on concepts fundamental to computing1 (Wing 2006).” [Page ](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=&annotation=UT859U2B) Tag #CT-Resolución-Problemas, #CT-Habilidades - "Computational thinking is taking an approach to solving problems, designing systems and understanding human behaviour that draws on concepts fundamental to computing1 (Wing 2006).” [Page ](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=&annotation=H4NY8M72) Tag #CT-Resolución-Problemas, #CT-Habilidades - "Computing: abstraction and automation The essence of computational thinking is abstraction. In computing, we abstract notions beyond the physical dimensions of time and space. Our abstractions are extremely general because they are symbolic, where numeric abstractions are just a special case. In two ways, our abstractions tend to be richer and more complex than those in the mathematical and physical sciences. First, our abstractions do not necessarily enjoy the clean, elegant or easily definable algebraic properties of mathematical” [Page ](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=&annotation=A7A2LZHL) Tag #CT-Abstracción - "Computing: abstraction and automation The essence of computational thinking is abstraction. In computing, we abstract notions beyond the physical dimensions of time and space. Our abstractions are extremely general because they are symbolic, where numeric abstractions are just a special case. In two ways, our abstractions tend to be richer and more complex than those in the mathematical and physical sciences. First, our abstractions do not necessarily enjoy the clean, elegant or easily definable algebraic properties of mathematical” [Page ](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=&annotation=3VK44DCS) Tag #CT-Abstracción - "For example, a stack of elements is a common abstract data type used in computing. We would not think ‘to add’ two stacks as we would two integers. An algorithm is an abstraction of a step-by-step procedure for taking input and producing some desired output. What does it mean ‘to interleave’ two algorithms, perhaps for efficient parallel processing? A programming language is an abstraction of a set of strings each of which when interpreted effects some computation.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=2&annotation=7NDHCEMW) Tag #CT-Ejemplo - "For example, a stack of elements is a common abstract data type used in computing. We would not think ‘to add’ two stacks as we would two integers. An algorithm is an abstraction of a step-by-step procedure for taking input and producing some desired output. What does it mean ‘to interleave’ two algorithms, perhaps for efficient parallel processing? A programming language is an abstraction of a set of strings each of which when interpreted effects some computation.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=2&annotation=M77ECHWH) Tag #CT-Ejemplo - "What happens when the disk is full or the server is not responding? What happens when a program encounters at run-time an error that should have been caught at compile time? How do we get a robot to move down a hallway without bumping into people?” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=2&annotation=7K4X6699) Tag #CT-Ejemplo - "What happens when the disk is full or the server is not responding? What happens when a program encounters at run-time an error that should have been caught at compile time? How do we get a robot to move down a hallway without bumping into people?” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=2&annotation=3LCKY3MG) Tag #CT-Ejemplo - "The abstraction process introduces layers.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=2&annotation=4EBHMTXP) Tag - "The abstraction process introduces layers.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=2&annotation=N8NG2EDZ) Tag - "Given the application programming interface (API) of a software component, a user need not know the details of the component’s implementation to know how to interact with it, and an implementer need not know who all the component’s potential users might be in order to implement it correctly.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=2&annotation=66XC5VSK) Tag - "Given the application programming interface (API) of a software component, a user need not know the details of the component’s implementation to know how to interact with it, and an implementer need not know who all the component’s potential users might be in order to implement it correctly.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=2&annotation=K878KM77) Tag - "In working with layers of abstraction, we necessarily keep in mind the relationship between each pair of layers, be it defined via an abstraction function, a simulation relation, a transformation or a more general kind of mapping.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=2&annotation=ZGW8RX8W) Tag #CT-Abstracción - "In working with layers of abstraction, we necessarily keep in mind the relationship between each pair of layers, be it defined via an abstraction function, a simulation relation, a transformation or a more general kind of mapping.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=2&annotation=QVHRSJ2G) Tag #CT-Abstracción - "And so the nuts and bolts in computational thinking are defining abstractions, working with multiple layers of abstraction and understanding the relationships among the different layers. Abstractions are the ‘mental’ tools of computing.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=2&annotation=RAQFPZYW) Tag #CT-Definición-Abstracción - "And so the nuts and bolts in computational thinking are defining abstractions, working with multiple layers of abstraction and understanding the relationships among the different layers. Abstractions are the ‘mental’ tools of computing.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=2&annotation=5PARHVN7) Tag #CT-Definición-Abstracción - "In other words, computational thinking does not require a machine.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=3&annotation=3EDMSRKM) Tag #CT-Desenchufado - "In other words, computational thinking does not require a machine.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=3&annotation=XJIUYFV4) Tag #CT-Desenchufado - "Operationally, computing is concerned with answering ‘How would I get a computer to solve this problem?’” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=3&annotation=KVM5V874) Tag - "Operationally, computing is concerned with answering ‘How would I get a computer to solve this problem?’” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=3&annotation=5389VJQU) Tag - "‘Computational thinking is influencing research in nearly all disciplines, both in the sciences and the humanities’ (Bundy 2007).” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=3&annotation=G6IGVGXE) Tag #CT-Transversalidad - "‘Computational thinking is influencing research in nearly all disciplines, both in the sciences and the humanities’ (Bundy 2007).” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=3&annotation=766NQXEJ) Tag #CT-Transversalidad - "computational thinking is transforming statistics, where with machine learning the automation of Bayesian methods and the use of probabilistic graphical models make it possible to identify patterns and anomalies in voluminous datasets as diverse as astronomical maps, functional magnetic resonance imaging scans, credit card purchases and grocery store receipts (e.g. Machine Learning Department 2008)” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=3&annotation=JJ7T77LQ) Tag #CT-Ejemplo - "computational thinking is transforming statistics, where with machine learning the automation of Bayesian methods and the use of probabilistic graphical models make it possible to identify patterns and anomalies in voluminous datasets as diverse as astronomical maps, functional magnetic resonance imaging scans, credit card purchases and grocery store receipts (e.g. Machine Learning Department 2008)” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=3&annotation=66R52RU8) Tag #CT-Ejemplo - "Computational thinking is transforming biology, first with the shotgun sequencing algorithm accelerating our ability to sequence the human genome, and now with our abstractions representing dynamic processes found in nature, from the cell cycle to protein folding (e.g. Fisher & Henzinger 2007). Computational thinking is transforming economics, spawning a new field of computational microeconomics, with applications such as advertisement placement, online auctions, reputation services and even finding optimal donors for n-way kidney exchange (Abraham et al. 2007).” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=3&annotation=MYX3VJRX) Tag #CT-Ejemplo - "Computational thinking is transforming biology, first with the shotgun sequencing algorithm accelerating our ability to sequence the human genome, and now with our abstractions representing dynamic processes found in nature, from the cell cycle to protein folding (e.g. Fisher & Henzinger 2007). Computational thinking is transforming economics, spawning a new field of computational microeconomics, with applications such as advertisement placement, online auctions, reputation services and even finding optimal donors for n-way kidney exchange (Abraham et al. 2007).” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=3&annotation=PLN7FZI2) Tag #CT-Ejemplo - "Looking to the future, deeper computational thinking—through the choice of cleverer or more sophisticated abstractions—may enable scientists and engineers to model and analyse their systems on a scale orders of magnitude greater than they are able to handle today.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=3&annotation=CDLTESZE) Tag #DigitalCompetences - "Looking to the future, deeper computational thinking—through the choice of cleverer or more sophisticated abstractions—may enable scientists and engineers to model and analyse their systems on a scale orders of magnitude greater than they are able to handle today.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=3&annotation=XQ4WU9EI) Tag #DigitalCompetences - "hierarchical decomposition, we look forward to when we can: model systems at multiple time scales and at multiple resolutions of the three space dimensions; model the interactions of these many complex systems to identify conditions for tipping points and emergent behaviour; increase the number of parameters and sets of initial conditions in these models; play these models backwards and forwards in time; and validate these models against ground truth.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=LVK3BJQ4) Tag #CT-Ejemplos-Avanzados - "hierarchical decomposition, we look forward to when we can: model systems at multiple time scales and at multiple resolutions of the three space dimensions; model the interactions of these many complex systems to identify conditions for tipping points and emergent behaviour; increase the number of parameters and sets of initial conditions in these models; play these models backwards and forwards in time; and validate these models against ground truth.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=ADV8PPQI) Tag #CT-Ejemplos-Avanzados - "Deeper computational thinking will help us not only to model more and more complex systems, but also to analyse the massive amounts of data we collect and generate.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=D3HWAQ9V) Tag #CT-Datos - "Deeper computational thinking will help us not only to model more and more complex systems, but also to analyse the massive amounts of data we collect and generate.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=ZBPBIECH) Tag #CT-Datos - "It will be through computational thinkingabstractions for representing and processing the data—that we will be able to extract the knowledge buried within or spread throughout the data. There is an open feedback loop: this knowledge, piquing our curiosity, will lead us to ask new questions that require collection of more data; and this knowledge will help us to fine-tune our simulation models, thereby generating even more data.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=R3JQJZDX) Tag - "It will be through computational thinkingabstractions for representing and processing the data—that we will be able to extract the knowledge buried within or spread throughout the data. There is an open feedback loop: this knowledge, piquing our curiosity, will lead us to ask new questions that require collection of more data; and this knowledge will help us to fine-tune our simulation models, thereby generating even more data.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=VAYVBD8J) Tag - "Vision no. 1. I envision that computational thinking will be instrumental to new discovery and innovation in all fields of endeavour.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=2VATXKYZ) Tag #CT-Transversalidad - "Vision no. 1. I envision that computational thinking will be instrumental to new discovery and innovation in all fields of endeavour.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=ZIK84VE7) Tag #CT-Transversalidad - "Let us further assume that universities have already begun to incorporate computational thinking in their undergraduate curricula, thereby recognizing how the next generation will have to be able to think in order to succeed in modern society” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=47AMVTTS) Tag #CT-Currículo - "Let us further assume that universities have already begun to incorporate computational thinking in their undergraduate curricula, thereby recognizing how the next generation will have to be able to think in order to succeed in modern society” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=ACVTFSYG) Tag #CT-Currículo - "In fact, if we wanted to ensure a common and solid basis of understanding and applying computational thinking for all, then this learning should best be done in the early years of childhood.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=8ZPF3QEV) Tag #CT-Nivel-educativo - "In fact, if we wanted to ensure a common and solid basis of understanding and applying computational thinking for all, then this learning should best be done in the early years of childhood.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=GSU2AM2K) Tag #CT-Nivel-educativo - "What are effective ways of learning (teaching) computational thinking by (to) children?” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=P567N6KU) Tag #CT-Educación - "What are effective ways of learning (teaching) computational thinking by (to) children?” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=ISDI7VEF) Tag #CT-Educación - "that focus on the principles of computing rather than just on computer programming skills” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=5KJJU4D6) Tag #CT-Algoritmos - "that focus on the principles of computing rather than just on computer programming skills” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=6VGRY89L) Tag #CT-Algoritmos - "What would be an effective ordering of concepts in teaching children as their learning ability progresses over the years?” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=INPJDMAB) Tag - "What would be an effective ordering of concepts in teaching children as their learning ability progresses over the years?” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=8RUEI3X3) Tag - "How best should we integrate the tool with teaching the concepts? Here and henceforth, let ‘the tool’ mean the computing machine (a particular ‘metal’ tool of §1a). Our field of computing is in a unique situation since not only are there computational concepts to teach but also there is a tool to teach. This tool provides some challenges and opportunities.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=3PGAUMNN) Tag - "How best should we integrate the tool with teaching the concepts? Here and henceforth, let ‘the tool’ mean the computing machine (a particular ‘metal’ tool of §1a). Our field of computing is in a unique situation since not only are there computational concepts to teach but also there is a tool to teach. This tool provides some challenges and opportunities.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=FBEXUEMJ) Tag - "One challenge is that we do not want the tool to get in the way of understanding the concepts” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=VX98UVBU) Tag #CT-Frase - "One challenge is that we do not want the tool to get in the way of understanding the concepts” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=BNLWNMHA) Tag #CT-Frase - "Worse, we do not want people to come away thinking they understand the concepts because they are adept at using the tool.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=RY4G2PU9) Tag - "Worse, we do not want people to come away thinking they understand the concepts because they are adept at using the tool.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=XVS85JJQ) Tag - "At what point do we introduce each of the powerful capabilities of a computing machine? At what point do we expose children to the intricacies of how the machine works? These questions are analogous to choosing the right abstraction where now the criteria are defined by learning ability.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=NJEQZC9E) Tag - "At what point do we introduce each of the powerful capabilities of a computing machine? At what point do we expose children to the intricacies of how the machine works? These questions are analogous to choosing the right abstraction where now the criteria are defined by learning ability.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=8TXQZX7M) Tag - "effective visualization and animation, even at early grades we can viscerally show the difference between a polynomial-time algorithm and an exponential-time one or show that a tree is a special kind of graph; in later grades through acquiring programming skills, students can automate their own abstractions.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=4QA8DD3T) Tag #CT-Ejemplo - "effective visualization and animation, even at early grades we can viscerally show the difference between a polynomial-time algorithm and an exponential-time one or show that a tree is a special kind of graph; in later grades through acquiring programming skills, students can automate their own abstractions.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=CDACEGE9) Tag #CT-Ejemplo - "Given this last observation, we should also explore informal as well as formal learning. Learning takes place in many ways and outside the classroom: children teach each other; learn from parents and family; learn at home, in museums and in libraries; and learn through hobbies, surfing the Web and life experiences.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=HAR37UCN) Tag - "Given this last observation, we should also explore informal as well as formal learning. Learning takes place in many ways and outside the classroom: children teach each other; learn from parents and family; learn at home, in museums and in libraries; and learn through hobbies, surfing the Web and life experiences.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=PB6CHCCJ) Tag - "Vision no. 2. I envision that computational thinking will be an integral part of childhood education.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=YX68XVDV) Tag - "Vision no. 2. I envision that computational thinking will be an integral part of childhood education.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=5HIP4ZDU) Tag - "The field of computing is driven by scientific questions, technological innovation and societal demands.” [Page 6](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=6&annotation=9894V62J) Tag - "The field of computing is driven by scientific questions, technological innovation and societal demands.” [Page 6](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=6&annotation=86TSH2W5) Tag - "Moreover, as shown by the bidirectional arrows in figure 1, there is wonderful interplay—push and pull—among these three drivers: in the usual loop, scientific discovery feeds technological innovation, which feeds new societal applications; in the reverse direction, new technology inspires new creative societal uses, which may demand new scientific discovery.” [Page 6](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=6&annotation=UIQ8KXCB) Tag - "Moreover, as shown by the bidirectional arrows in figure 1, there is wonderful interplay—push and pull—among these three drivers: in the usual loop, scientific discovery feeds technological innovation, which feeds new societal applications; in the reverse direction, new technology inspires new creative societal uses, which may demand new scientific discovery.” [Page 6](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=6&annotation=2YW64SKW) Tag - "An example of how society demands new technology: the desire for higher fidelity and more realistic virtual environments is straining our network capability for real-time simultaneous transmission of multiple multimedia (audio, video and text) data streams.” [Page 6](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=6&annotation=Z7RXZ4XD) Tag - "An example of how society demands new technology: the desire for higher fidelity and more realistic virtual environments is straining our network capability for real-time simultaneous transmission of multiple multimedia (audio, video and text) data streams.” [Page 6](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=6&annotation=2W24HUMI) Tag - "social networks, such as Facebook, MySpace and YouTube, which in turn added a new industry to our economy” [Page 6](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=6&annotation=26BDHQPK) Tag - "social networks, such as Facebook, MySpace and YouTube, which in turn added a new industry to our economy” [Page 6](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=6&annotation=S7BRI2N7) Tag ![[Images/img-zotero/wing2008a/wing2008a-6-x152-y536.png]] ![[Images/img-zotero/wing2008a/wing2008a-6-x152-y536.png]] - "we look at nanocomputing, biocomputing and even quantum computing. In some sense they have already arrived. Nano is here: IBM (2006) announced that its researchers had built the first complete integrated circuit around a single carbon nanotube molecule. Bio is here: Adleman (1994) solved the seven-point Hamiltonian path problem with DNA computing; Benenson et al. (2004) described in Nature the construction of a DNA computer. We are now building molecular machines.” [Page 7](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=7&annotation=FNLTA57M) Tag #CT-Ejemplo - "we look at nanocomputing, biocomputing and even quantum computing. In some sense they have already arrived. Nano is here: IBM (2006) announced that its researchers had built the first complete integrated circuit around a single carbon nanotube molecule. Bio is here: Adleman (1994) solved the seven-point Hamiltonian path problem with DNA computing; Benenson et al. (2004) described in Nature the construction of a DNA computer. We are now building molecular machines.” [Page 7](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=7&annotation=DU97MTQE) Tag #CT-Ejemplo - "These are just a few technology trends of today; it will be interesting to read this section of this paper in 10 years to see where we were and how far we will have gone.” [Page 7](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=7&annotation=YDBUNIK8) Tag - "These are just a few technology trends of today; it will be interesting to read this section of this paper in 10 years to see where we were and how far we will have gone.” [Page 7](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=7&annotation=PTR9IU47) Tag - "the ability to store anything and everything forever, and the ability for anyone to access anything from anywhere at any time.” [Page 7](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=7&annotation=25QDFUYS) Tag #Computación-Ubicua - "the ability to store anything and everything forever, and the ability for anyone to access anything from anywhere at any time.” [Page 7](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=7&annotation=S22DYXZQ) Tag #Computación-Ubicua - "The classes of users of our technology are not limited to scientists and engineers. Rather, our users are young and old, able and disabled, rich and poor, literate and illiterate.” [Page 7](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=7&annotation=6SWWCW7Z) Tag - "The classes of users of our technology are not limited to scientists and engineers. Rather, our users are young and old, able and disabled, rich and poor, literate and illiterate.” [Page 7](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=7&annotation=HU3V2A5N) Tag #DigitalCompetences - "The Internet and the World Wide Web together is a great equalizer. On the other hand, there remain scientific and technical challenges regarding accountability, anonymity, identity management and privacy.” [Page 8](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=8&annotation=NM8Z4M4E) Tag #DigitalCompetences - "The Internet and the World Wide Web together is a great equalizer. On the other hand, there remain scientific and technical challenges regarding accountability, anonymity, identity management and privacy.” [Page 8](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=8&annotation=UYLNMN4J) Tag #DigitalCompetences - "Computational thinking is taking an approach to solving problems, designing systems and understanding human behaviour that draws on concepts fundamental to computing1 (Wing 2006).” [Page 1](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=1&annotation=highlight-p1x59y321) Tag - "Computing: abstraction and automation The essence of computational thinking is abstraction. In computing, we abstract notions beyond the physical dimensions of time and space. Our abstractions are extremely general because they are symbolic, where numeric abstractions are just a special case. In two ways, our abstractions tend to be richer and more complex than those in the mathematical and physical sciences. First, our abstractions do not necessarily enjoy the clean, elegant or easily definable algebraic properties of mathematical” [Page 1](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=1&annotation=highlight-p1x59y122) Tag - "For example, a stack of elements is a common abstract data type used in computing. We would not think ‘to add’ two stacks as we would two integers. An algorithm is an abstraction of a step-by-step procedure for taking input and producing some desired output. What does it mean ‘to interleave’ two algorithms, perhaps for efficient parallel processing? A programming language is an abstraction of a set of strings each of which when interpreted effects some computation.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x50y557) Tag - "What happens when the disk is full or the server is not responding? What happens when a program encounters at run-time an error that should have been caught at compile time? How do we get a robot to move down a hallway without bumping into people?” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x50y460) Tag - "The abstraction process introduces layers.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x62y412) Tag - "Given the application programming interface (API) of a software component, a user need not know the details of the component’s implementation to know how to interact with it, and an implementer need not know who all the component’s potential users might be in order to implement it correctly.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=2&annotation=underline-p2x50y327) Tag - "In working with layers of abstraction, we necessarily keep in mind the relationship between each pair of layers, be it defined via an abstraction function, a simulation relation, a transformation or a more general kind of mapping.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=2&annotation=highlight-p2x50y254) Tag - "And so the nuts and bolts in computational thinking are defining abstractions, working with multiple layers of abstraction and understanding the relationships among the different layers. Abstractions are the ‘mental’ tools of computing.” [Page 2](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=2&annotation=underline-p2x50y169) Tag - "In other words, computational thinking does not require a machine.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=3&annotation=underline-p3x59y606) Tag - "Operationally, computing is concerned with answering ‘How would I get a computer to solve this problem?’” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=3&annotation=underline-p3x59y523) Tag - "‘Computational thinking is influencing research in nearly all disciplines, both in the sciences and the humanities’ (Bundy 2007).” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=3&annotation=highlight-p3x59y379) Tag - "computational thinking is transforming statistics, where with machine learning the automation of Bayesian methods and the use of probabilistic graphical models make it possible to identify patterns and anomalies in voluminous datasets as diverse as astronomical maps, functional magnetic resonance imaging scans, credit card purchases and grocery store receipts (e.g. Machine Learning Department 2008)” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=3&annotation=highlight-p3x59y307) Tag - "Computational thinking is transforming biology, first with the shotgun sequencing algorithm accelerating our ability to sequence the human genome, and now with our abstractions representing dynamic processes found in nature, from the cell cycle to protein folding (e.g. Fisher & Henzinger 2007). Computational thinking is transforming economics, spawning a new field of computational microeconomics, with applications such as advertisement placement, online auctions, reputation services and even finding optimal donors for n-way kidney exchange (Abraham et al. 2007).” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=3&annotation=underline-p3x59y224) Tag - "Looking to the future, deeper computational thinking—through the choice of cleverer or more sophisticated abstractions—may enable scientists and engineers to model and analyse their systems on a scale orders of magnitude greater than they are able to handle today.” [Page 3](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=3&annotation=highlight-p3x59y56) Tag - "hierarchical decomposition, we look forward to when we can: model systems at multiple time scales and at multiple resolutions of the three space dimensions; model the interactions of these many complex systems to identify conditions for tipping points and emergent behaviour; increase the number of parameters and sets of initial conditions in these models; play these models backwards and forwards in time; and validate these models against ground truth.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=underline-p4x50y570) Tag - "Deeper computational thinking will help us not only to model more and more complex systems, but also to analyse the massive amounts of data we collect and generate.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=highlight-p4x50y535) Tag - "It will be through computational thinking— abstractions for representing and processing the data—that we will be able to extract the knowledge buried within or spread throughout the data. There is an open feedback loop: this knowledge, piquing our curiosity, will lead us to ask new questions that require collection of more data; and this knowledge will help us to fine-tune our simulation models, thereby generating even more data.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=highlight-p4x50y427) Tag - "Vision no. 1. I envision that computational thinking will be instrumental to new discovery and innovation in all fields of endeavour.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=highlight-p4x50y394) Tag - "Let us further assume that universities have already begun to incorporate computational thinking in their undergraduate curricula, thereby recognizing how the next generation will have to be able to think in order to succeed in modern society” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=highlight-p4x50y242) Tag - "In fact, if we wanted to ensure a common and solid basis of understanding and applying computational thinking for all, then this learning should best be done in the early years of childhood.” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=highlight-p4x50y206) Tag - "What are effective ways of learning (teaching) computational thinking by (to) children?” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=highlight-p4x50y149) Tag - "that focus on the principles of computing rather than just on computer programming skills” [Page 4](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=4&annotation=highlight-p4x50y80) Tag - "What would be an effective ordering of concepts in teaching children as their learning ability progresses over the years?” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=highlight-p5x59y520) Tag - "How best should we integrate the tool with teaching the concepts? Here and henceforth, let ‘the tool’ mean the computing machine (a particular ‘metal’ tool of §1a). Our field of computing is in a unique situation since not only are there computational concepts to teach but also there is a tool to teach. This tool provides some challenges and opportunities.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=highlight-p5x59y410) Tag - "One challenge is that we do not want the tool to get in the way of understanding the concepts.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=underline-p5x59y386) Tag - "Worse, we do not want people to come away thinking they understand the concepts because they are adept at using the tool.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=underline-p5x59y349) Tag - "At what point do we introduce each of the powerful capabilities of a computing machine? At what point do we expose children to the intricacies of how the machine works? These questions are analogous to choosing the right abstraction where now the criteria are defined by learning ability.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=underline-p5x59y288) Tag - "effective visualization and animation, even at early grades we can viscerally show the difference between a polynomial-time algorithm and an exponential-time one or show that a tree is a special kind of graph; in later grades through acquiring programming skills, students can automate their own abstractions.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=highlight-p5x59y215) Tag - "Given this last observation, we should also explore informal as well as formal learning. Learning takes place in many ways and outside the classroom: children teach each other; learn from parents and family; learn at home, in museums and in libraries; and learn through hobbies, surfing the Web and life experiences.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=underline-p5x59y93) Tag - "Vision no. 2. I envision that computational thinking will be an integral part of childhood education.” [Page 5](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=5&annotation=underline-p5x59y56) Tag ![[Images/img-zotero/wing2008a/wing2008a-6-x152-y333.png]] - "The field of computing is driven by scientific questions, technological innovation and societal demands.” [Page 6](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=6&annotation=underline-p6x50y412) Tag - "Moreover, as shown by the bidirectional arrows in figure 1, there is wonderful interplay—push and pull—among these three drivers: in the usual loop, scientific discovery feeds technological innovation, which feeds new societal applications; in the reverse direction, new technology inspires new creative societal uses, which may demand new scientific discovery.” [Page 6](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=6&annotation=underline-p6x50y280) Tag - "An example of how society demands new technology: the desire for higher fidelity and more realistic virtual environments is straining our network capability for real-time simultaneous transmission of multiple multimedia (audio, video and text) data streams.” [Page 6](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=6&annotation=underline-p6x50y196) Tag - "social networks, such as Facebook, MySpace and YouTube, which in turn added a new industry to our economy.” [Page 6](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=6&annotation=underline-p6x50y160) Tag - "we look at nanocomputing, biocomputing and even quantum computing. In some sense they have already arrived. Nano is here: IBM (2006) announced that its researchers had built the first complete integrated circuit around a single carbon nanotube molecule. Bio is here: Adleman (1994) solved the seven-point Hamiltonian path problem with DNA computing; Benenson et al. (2004) described in Nature the construction of a DNA computer. We are now building molecular machines.” [Page 7](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=7&annotation=underline-p7x59y535) Tag - "These are just a few technology trends of today; it will be interesting to read this section of this paper in 10 years to see where we were and how far we will have gone.” [Page 7](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=7&annotation=underline-p7x59y272) Tag - "the ability to store anything and everything forever, and the ability for anyone to access anything from anywhere at any time.” [Page 7](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=7&annotation=underline-p7x59y176) Tag - "The classes of users of our technology are not limited to scientists and engineers. Rather, our users are young and old, able and disabled, rich and poor, literate and illiterate.” [Page 7](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=7&annotation=highlight-p7x59y140) Tag - "The Internet and the World Wide Web together is a great equalizer. On the other hand, there remain scientific and technical challenges regarding accountability, anonymity, identity management and privacy.” [Page 8](zotero://open-pdf/library/items/X7MDVW4R?page=8&annotation=underline-p8x50y606) Tag > [!context]- > ==(How this article relates to other work in the field; how it ties in with key issues and findings by others, including yourself)== > context:: > [!significance]- > ==(to the field; in relation to your own work)== > significance::